Oral cancer causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment national. For instance, smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. Carcinoma of oral cavity causative and risk factors ecronicon. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention cancer. There are also factors that are linked to a lower risk of cancer. Risk factors for oral cancer in newly diagnosed patients aged. Facts about oral cancer risk factors profile of those at highest risk a typical high risk profile for oral cancer is a man, over age 40, who uses tobacco andor is a heavy user of alcohol. Oral cancer fact sheet american association of oral and. American cancer society, american society for colposcopy and cervical pathology, and american society for clinical pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Smokeless tobacco is strong, independent risk factor for oral cancer development in our study population. It has been widely accepted that there are primary risk factors related to oral cancer. You will find out more about the factors that increase the chance of developing oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Etiologic risk factors for oral cancer oral cancer is a multifactorial disease. Oct 29, 2019 the more you drink, the higher your cancer risk.
Carcinoma of oral cavity causative and risk factors. Top 5 risk factors for oral cancer you know your dentist is looking for cavities during regular checkups, but you may not realize your dentist can check for cancer at the same time. Oral cancer the nih national library of medicines collection of links to government, professional and nonprofitvoluntary organizations with information on oral cancer. Lohe and others published risk factors in oral cancer find, read and cite all the research you need on. Tobacco and alcohol are the most important risk factors for oral cancer. Oral cancer is one of the universally prevalent cancer type, and squamous cell carcinomas account for more than 90%.
A cancer slope factor gives the percent increase in the risk of getting cancer associated with a dose of a toxin in mg of toxin per kg of body weight every day for a lifetime. Oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer prevention approaches include avoiding or reducing risk factors like smoking, alcohol, and oral hpv infection. Risk factors oral cancer aetiology is multifactorial and the major risk factors can be categorised as modifiable behavioural and nonmodifiable sociodemographic seetable 1 10, 11. Cancer risk factors include exposure to chemicals or other substances, as well as certain. This casecontrol study aimed to identify the risk factors for oral cancer in patients aged 45 years and under. Tobacco products and alcohol consumption are the two established independent risk factors for oral cancer10 and. Its not clear what causes the mutations in squamous cells that lead to mouth cancer. There is an explicit evidence establishing tobacco smoking 12 and alcohol drinking as the major risk factors in oral cancer development. A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. The why behind this rapid and aberrant growth is linked to risk factors, like tobacco and alcohol use. Several of the risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer can be avoided by making healthy lifestyle choices.
Oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer prevention. Risk factors for oral cancer in newly diagnosed patients. Show full abstract oral cancer, risk factors, disease precursor lesions, and health professional of choice for diagnosis. The risk of developing oral cancer increases with age and is greatest after 45 years of age. However, researchers have found factors that increase or decrease the chance of getting breast cancer. Assessment and prevention of behavioural and social risk. This paper is an overview of the various etiological agents and risk factors implicated in the development of oral cancer.
However, patients without obvious risk factors can develop oral cancer and premalignant lesions. A number of molecularbased diagnostic markers have been used to detect the presence of oral cancer with varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity. Tobacco and alcohol use are 2 of the strongest risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. The earlier the cancer is detected, the easier the treatment and the greater the chance of a cure. All types of alcoholic drinks are linked with cancer.
Sao paulo southeast, curitiba south, and goiania centralwest. Risk factors for breast cancer in women iv other factors appeared to have a moderate level of increased risk rr 1. These include taking drugs to suppress the immune system for transplant rejection or to treat immune diseases. Oral cancer accounts for roughly three percent of all cancers diagnosed annually in the united states, or about 49,700 new cases each year. Several risk factors have been well characterized to be associated with oral cancer with substantial evidences.
Cancer risk factors include exposure to chemicals or other substances, as well as certain behaviors. Having a family history of oral cancer is a risk factor, as some gene mutations linked to cancers of the mouth and throat can be passed down from parent to child. But research has shown that certain risk factors may increase a persons chances of developing cancer. The most common risk factors for cancer include aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation exposure, chemicals and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or being overweight some causes of cancer can be prevented but others such as family. Drinking alcohol raises your risk of getting six kinds of cancer. Another casecontrol study found betel quid chewer had an odds ratio of 6. Hpv the human papillomavirus is the fastest growing risk factor.
These cancers develop when abnormal cells that line the inside of the mouth or throat begin to grow out of control. The variables were descriptively analyzed and possible associations. Top risk factors for oral cancer american dental association. National institute of dental and craniofacial research subject. The details of oral cancer screening registered dental. Even if someone does have risk factors, its impossible to know for sure how much they contributed to causing the cancer. This patient education pamphlet describes risk factors, signs and symptoms of oral cancer, and the importance of detecting the disease in its early stages. Although oral cancer undoubtedly has a multifaceted etiology, tobacco use and alcohol consumption are widely considered to be its major risk factors. The use of tobacco, including smokeless tobacco and excessive consumption of alcohol are the prominent risk factors in oral cancer re.
Oral health professionals have an obligation to patients to educate them about the very real threat of oral cancer, helping them understand that screening for oral cancer is as important as cervical, prostate, or breast cancer screenings. Head and neck cancer is common in several regions of the world. However, the malefemale ratio has dropped from 6 to 1 in 1950 to about 2 to 1 at present. Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff, among others. Its estimated that approximately 51,540 people will be diagnosed with oral cancer and cancers of the throat, tonsils and back of the tongue in 2018.
They also include things people cannot control, like age and family history. The development of oral cancer is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Oral cancer causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment. A lack of nutrients can lead to changes in your mouth that make cancer more likely. Discusses how pooled international casecontrolled study data are shedding increasing light not only on the causes of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers, but on the impact of avoiding risk factors. Despite recent advances in cancer diagnoses and therapies, the 5. While alcohol and tobacco use are still considered high risk factors, one of the most interesting new high risk factors that has been found to cause oral cancer are certain forms of the human papilloma virus or hpv hpv16, hpv18, hpv31, hpv35, the same virus linked to cervical cancer. Tobacco in 2007 the iarc concluded that there is quite evidence to establish that snuff smoke is carcinogenic, and for example, it causes cancer of the oral cavity and pancreas 6.
Stopping the use of all tobacco products is the most important thing a person can do to reduce the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer, even for people who have been using tobacco for many years. Risk factors for head and neck cancer in young adults. A literature analysis of the risk factors for oral cancer 69 2008. Exposure to one of three broad groups of carcinogenic stimuli, namely, chemical, physical, and viral, is known to induce cancer in genetically and systemically conditioned oral mu cosa. Hpvpositive oral cancers have increased by more than 200% over the past 30 years. Oral cancer cancer national institute of dental and. Risk factors of oral cancer a hospital based case control study ncbi. Alcohol and tobacco remain the greatest risk factors and using them in combination increases the risk 15 times over the use of one or the other. Fundamental knowledge such as the epidemiology and etiology of the oral cancer. Hpv and cancer human papillomavirus hpv has been found to be associated with several kinds of cancer. Studies have consistently shown that using ocs reduces the risk of ovarian cancer see section on ovarian and endometrial cancers.
The lifestyle behaviours associated to oral cancer with convincing evidence are tobacco use, betel quid chewing, alcohol drinking, low fruit and vegetable consumption the detrimental lifestyle is high fat andor sugar intake, resulting in low fruit andor. Risk factors for oral cancer e397 introduction head and neck cancers rank third in most common malig nancies encountered in both genders globally. But doctors have identified factors that may increase the risk of mouth cancer. A booklet from the national cancer institute nci for people who are about to receive or are now receiving radiation therapy for cancer. He is a global expert on the epidemiology and risk factors on oral cancer, developed the nomenclature of oral potentially malignant disorders, and has authored more than 250 scientific articles as well as two books, including most recently the springer book squamous cell. Cancer in young patients part 2 oral cancers in lowrisk subjects. People who have had oral cancer are at an increased risk of developing another oral cancer. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer causes, risk factors, and. The nccn guidelines panel for cervical cancer screening endorses the following guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. A subtype of head and neck cancers is oral cancer oc, which is described as a cancerous growth in the mouth 1.
Each year, over 450,000 patients are diagnosed with oc world wide 2. Over the past 30 years, a series of authoritative reports issued by the u. Risk factors an estimated 25 percent of oral cancer patients have no known risk factors. However, 7% of the population contract oral cancer for unknown reasons, meaning they are not exposed to these risk factors nor do they have a genetic history of oral cancer. For example, exposing skin to strong sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer.
Who gets oral cancer and what are the risk factors for. Oct 11, 2017 risk factors are something that makes chances for getting any disease. Hence, there is a need to reevaluate the changing epidemiological. A risk factor is anything that changes a persons chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Aug 22, 2019 according to the american cancer society, around 50,000 people will develop cancer of the mouth or throat this year. Up to 75% of oral cancers may be attributed to exposure to tobacco or alcohol. The 2 most important modifiable risk factors for oral cancer are tobacco and alcohol consumption. Oral cancer is the eighth most frequent type of cancer worldwide determined by lifestyle smoking, chronic alcohol consumption and other risk factors age. There are many other factors which may increase the risk of oral cancer. A casecontrol study of risk factors for carcinomas of the tongue, gum, floor, and other specified parts of the mouth was conducted in 3 metropolitan areas in brazil. Factors that can increase your risk of mouth cancer include.
Oral squamous cell carcinomas are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and tobacco usage, alcohol consumption, and poor oral hygiene are established risk factors. Cancer slope factor and unit risk factor how are they. Risk factors for oral cancer canadian cancer society. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer causes, risk factors. Introduction oral cancer or oral squamous cell carcinoma oscc is among the most common types of cancer in india and strongly linked to habits like smoking and smokeless tobacco, alcohol and areca nut chewing. Alterations in oral bacterial communities are associated.
This includes smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, as well as chewing tobacco. Lifestyle risk factors for oral cancer sciencedirect. The relatively short duration of exposure and the substantial number of cases without any known risk factors, particularly amongst females, however, suggest that factors other than tobacco and alcohol may also be implicated in the development of oral cancer in a proportion of these younger patients. With dietary deficiencies, these factors cause more than 90 percent of oral cancers. The term oral cancer oc includes a diverse group of tumors arising from the oral cavity. If you have risk factors, also see your oral and maxillofacial surgeon or dentist for an oral examination at least annually. A unit risk factor is based on the slope factor, but is specific to air and sometimes water. Oral cancer risk factors national oral health conference. The primary risk factors associated with head and neck cancer include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus hpv infection for oropharyngeal cancer, and epsteinbarr virus ebv infection for nasopharyngeal cancer.
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in the world. The risk is increased if they continue to use tobacco and alcohol. Risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Risk factors of oral cancer a hospital based case control. The who global oral health programme has established a global surveillance system of oral cavity cancer in order to assess risk factors and to help the planning of effective national intervention programmes. Certain genetic syndromes such as fanconi anemia or dyskeratosis congenita carry a high risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. So get at least 5 servings of them a day and mix them up for plenty of variety. Risk factors for developing oral cancer one of the biggest risk factors for oral cancer is tobacco use. Breast cancer risk factors what affects your risk of getting breast cancer.
Sep 01, 2015 oral cancer is a preventable disease, where smoking and alcoholconsidered major risk factorsare present in 90% of cases, having them both a synergic effect. Oral cancer foundation, national cancer institute, national institutes of health oral cancer fact sheet. The 58th world health assembly resolution on cancer prevention and control wha58. Risk factors for oral cancer, a retrospective study among. Oral cancer is a preventable disease, where smoking and alcoholconsidered major risk factors are present in 90% of cases, having them both a synergic effect. Risk factors of oral cancer a hospital based case control study. In this study, the risk of oral cancer attributed to smoking 76% was higher than the risk attributed to alcohol consumption 55%.
One of the biggest risk factors for oral cancer is tobacco use. Global data on incidence of oral cancer map pdf, 256kb. While the disease may occur in anyone with breast tissue, there are. Pubmed database was systematically searched to access relevant articles published between 1980 and 2010. Oral cancer risk factors linda m kaste, dds, ms, phd diplomate, american board of dental public health professor, university of illinois at chicago college of dentistry. These are sometimes called protective risk factors, or just protective factors. A family history of certain cancers can be a sign of a possible inherited cancer syndrome. Studies have shown that marijuana smoking is not an independent risk factor for oral cancer development. Oral cancer affects almost twice as many men as women. Risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers a risk factor is anything that changes a persons chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Certain food groups have been shown to be associated with higher risk of oral cancer namely processed meats, cakes and desserts, butter, eggs. Breast cancer is complex and likely caused by a combination of risk factors. Risk factors for oral cancer, a retrospective study among an indian population. Also, factors like aging, lifestyle preferences and drug consumption also pose risks for several diseases.
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